Perserikatan Dagang Hindia Timur atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai VOC berdiri pada 1602. Banyak hal yang telah kita ketahui pada pelajaran di bangku sekolah selama ini. Tetapi, apakah semua itu cukup atau kalian akan menemukan informasi baru di sini? Saat ini, mari kita memperhatikan VOC dari sisi yang sedikit berbeda dibandingkan kita fokus pada masa kolonial di Nusantara. Setidaknya, ada beberapa hal yang menarik untuk kita bahas dan pelajari pada organisasi VOC ini. Apakah kalian percaya bahwa praktik pasar modal ada pada abad ke-17, tepatnya pada pendirian VOC? Yuk kita pahami cara kerja VOC!
Kenapa VOC Bisa Ada?
Berdirinya VOC terjadi oleh karena persaingan pelayaran yang terjadi pada saat itu, dan pemerintah Belanda hendak melakukan penyatuan (merger) 6 kamer (cabang) untuk efisiensi keuntungan pada masa itu. Berikut merupakan data rangkuman terbentuknya VOC.
Menariknya, dari 6 kamer (cabang) yang berdiri sebagai VOC berhasil menghimpun dana dari 1.143 orang pada masa itu dengan total 6,424,588 Gulden (setara dengan ± Rp2,231,706,810,454)
Bahkan, pada piagam VOC (oktroi) dijelaskan bahwa masyarakat dapat ikut dalam penanam modal (saham) untuk misi pelayaran ke Asia untuk 10 tahun kedepan dan akan mendapatkan modal kembali beserta dividen (sebesar 5% keuntungan menjadi dividen)
Singkatnya, VOC terus berkembang dan menjadi kongsi dagang yang berkembang pesat. Berikut beberapa faktor pendukungnya:
- Penaklukan Kep. Banda dan Kep. Maluku (monopoli pala, kembang pala dan cengkeh).
- Pengusiran orang Portugis di Sri Lanka (monopoli kayu manis).
- Penaklukan Makassar sehingga pelabuhan Eropa dan Asia di kuasai.
- Hubungan baik dengan Jepang dan mendapatkan perak dengan harga rendah (alat tukar penting untuk komoditas di India dan Indonesia).
- Berlimpahnya modal untuk operasi militer.
Titik Rendah Perusahaan VOC
Zaman keemasan VOC tidak dapat di pertahankan terus menerus, akibatnya terjadilah kemunduran dalam organisasi ini. Berikut merupakan faktor pelemahan VOC:
- Konflik internal VOC (kurang terbukanya informasi keuangan, rumitnya struktur kepengurusan, besarnya gaya hidup para direktur, korupsi, dan jabatan direktur yang di jabat hingga akhir hidupnya).
- Akhir abad ke-17, terjadi perubahan komoditi perdagangan dan VOC mengalami kerugian akibat tingginya biaya administrasi.
- Perang Belanda dengan Perancis dan Inggris hingga Belanda di duduki Perancis pada awal tahun 1796
Rekam Jejak Pekerjaan VOC Abad 17-18
Per tanggal 1 Maret 1796, direktur meletakkan jabatannya dan di ganti dengan Komite untuk Urusan Perdagangan dan Jajahan di Hindia Timur. VOC tetap berdiri hingga piagam di perpanjang pada 31 Desember 1800, tetapi kegiatan usaha sudah sangat minim. Namun, kita dapat melihat rekam jejak dari pekerjaan VOC selama kurun waktu abad 17-18 yang lalu, di sini kita bisa sedikit paham cara kerja VOC:
Dengan adanya konflik internal pengurus VOC, di tambah mereka sangat bergantung dengan pemerintah Belanda untuk dukungan dana, hal ini masih sangat relevan jika di perhatikan pada masa sekarang. Beberapa BUMN masih menjadi ‘benalu’ dan berusaha di kurangi sehingga tidak memberatkan beban negara. Maka dari itu penting adanya untuk memilih perusahaan yang memiliki tata kelola / good corporate governance (GCG).
Kesimpulan Cara Kerja VOC
Adapun key takeaways lainnya dari part 1 VOC ini adalah:
- VOC merupakan salah satu contoh dari penerapan sistem pasar modal tertua yang ada di dunia dan mengingatkan kita bahwa berinvestasi haruslah dalam jangka waktu panjang (konteks investasi VOC, tahun 1602 berdiri dan pada tahun 1612 akan mendapatkan imbal hasil pelayaran ke Asia)
- Fungsi pengawasan sangat minim dan baru di berlakukan ketika terjadi korupsi drektur dan baru terbentuk komite pengawas pada tahun 1623.
- Keterbukaan informasi sangatlah penting, agar para pemegang saham dapat menikmati dan memantau aktivitas investasi yang sudah di tanamkan pada perusahaan kala itu.
- Ekspansi VOC sangat baik pada awal abad ke-17 dengan menguasai komoditas unggulan, tetapi gagal menyesuaikan momentum untuk beralih pada komoditas lain selain rempah-rempah pada akhir abad ke-17.
Sumber: The archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the local institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
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