Sesimpel Ini Penjelasan AS Resesi 2008 Di The Big Short

Singkatnya film ini ngebahas kisah nyata tentang resesi 2008 di AS yang bernama Subprime Mortgage Crisis. Awal kejadiannya tuh karena adanya program Mortgage Backed Security (MBS) tahun 1970. Apa itu?

Mengenal Mortgage Backed Security (MBS)

Kalau KPR biasa kan orang ngajuin pinjaman ke bank, terus kalau sudah lolos, baru di kasih pinjaman dengan jangka waktu panjang. Tapi sesudah itu bank harus nunggu biar uangnya balik..

Dengan MBS, Bank bisa lebih cepat dapat uang. Karena KPR-KPR yang sudah di tawarkan itu di jual di pasar uang agar investor bisa masuk. Lebih cepat dapat uang, maka KPR bisa lebih banyak di tawarkan. Inilah awal dari terjadinya AS resesi 2008

Kondisi Sebenarnya dari MBS

MBS sangat laku karena profit oke dan terjamin aman. Bahkan perusahaan pemeringkat memberi nilai rating AAA sampai -A (bagus banget). Gara-gara investor membludak, bank juga makin gencar buat menawarkan KPR.

Nah ada orang perusahaan investasi namanya Dr. Michael Burry melihat keanehan pada MBS karena:

  • Hanya 4 dari 100 rumah KPR yang terjual yang terisi oleh penghuni
  • Banyak orang yang seharusnya tidak dibiayai KPR, malah dibiayai contohnya imigran gelap

Nasabah tidak sanggup membayar ketika bunga meningkat pada skema floating rate

Munculnya Produk Asuransi MBS

Tahu beberapa keanehan itu, Burry pergi ke bank untuk menawarkan pembuatan produk asuransi MBS bernama Credit Default Swap (CDS). Jadi kalau MBS macet, bank bayar ke Burry. Tapi kalau gak macet, Burry bayar premi. Tagihannya fantastis, 1,3 miliar dollar. Bank menertawakan Burry karena bank berpikir MBS ini sangat aman.

Fakta Lengkap tentang MBS

Di lain sisi, Mark Baum, seorang pengusaha dan investor mendapat telpon tentang berita CDS yang digagas Burry. Penasaran, akhirnya Baum mencari informasi dan mendatangi perusahaan pemeringkat. Berikut keanehan lainnya dari MBS:

  • Ternyata perusahaan pemeringkat memberi peringkat secara asal-asalan. Mereka menjalankan taktik “Asal Bapak Senang”, memberi peringkat tinggi agar kliennya membayar mereka. 
  • Jumlah komisi pengawas KPR terlalu sedikit. Jadinya KPR longgar dan asal-asalan karena kurang diawasi. 
  • Persepsi masyarakat juga salah karena beranggapan kalau property akan naik terus. Padahal kenaikan harga tergantung rentang waktu, bisa 1 tahun, 10 tahun kemudian.

CDO, Asuransi untuk KPR-KPR yang Tidak Layak

Singkat cerita, investor CDS berdatangan. Bahkan muncul asuransi lain bernama Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO). CDO ini mengumpulkan KPR-KPR yang tidak layak dan kemudian diasuransikan. 

KPR-KPR yang tidak layak ini memunculkan Subprime Mortgage Crisis, tepatnya di tahun 2008 di AS. Apa yang terjadi? KPR-KPR macet, bank-bank bangkrut, dan investor CDS mendapat keuntungan yang luar biasa besar.

Kejatuhan Lehman Brothers

FYI, di dunia nyata ternyata Lehman Brothers, investment bank terbesar ke-4 di US saat itu, bangkrut saat resesi 2008. Sebabnya Lehman Brothers (LB) ini sangat “murah hati” dengan memampukan kalangan masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah (MBR) untuk memiliki KPR. Gini ceritanya:

Supply Rumah Sitaan Berlebih

Dulu Lehman Brothers berpikir kalaupun terjadi gagal bayar, tetap akan menguntungkan mereka. Karena rumah hasil sitaan bisa dijadikan aset perusahaan yang siap dijual. Namun bencana terjadi ketika The Fed di tahun 2008 menaikkan suku bunga untuk mengendalikan inflasi. Bisnis Lehman Brothers runtuh karena mayoritas debitur yang tidak sanggup bayar. Ketika properti ingin dijual pun akhirnya tidak laku pada harga wajar, karena supply yang terlalu banyak dan demand nggak sebanyak itu. 

Key Points:

  1. Keserakahan manusia bisa membawa ke dalam kejatuhan, seperti bank yang akhirnya bangkrut karena serakah dalam memberikan KPR kepada siapapun demi dapat keuntungan.
  2. Sebelum berinvestasi ataupun kredit seperti KPR, telitilah risiko dan persyaratannya dengan baik
  3. Jangan ikut-ikutan orang buat ambil KPR karena gengsi, kalau memang belum sanggup, jangan dipaksakan.

 Sumber:

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