Pada artikel sebelumnya kita sudah pernah bahas nih betapa pentingnya analisa potensi kebangkrutan perusahaan. Sekarang, kita akan membahas hal paling penting dalam analisis potensi kebangkrutan, yaitu cara menghitung dan analisanya. Pasti sobat sudah penasaran banget, ‘kan? Yuk langsung saja kita bahas!
Dalam menganalisa potensi kebangkrutan, terdapat empat metode untuk menganalisanya. Metode-metode itu antara lain :
Analisis Potensi Kebangkrutan Metode Altman Z-Score
Analisis Z-Score adalah suatu alat/metode untuk memprediksi kondisi perusahaan apakah dalam keadaan sehat, atau tidak. Pada analisis ini menunjukkan kinerja perusahaan yang sekaligus merefleksikan prospek perusahaan di masa yang akan datang. Altman menggunakan 5 rasio keuangan untuk memprediksi kebangkrutan suatu perusahaan.
- Z-Score Asli
Versi pertama dari Z-Score yang asli, tampilannya ada pada tabel berikut :
Karena keterbatasan dari penggunaan Z-Score yang hanya dapat kamu gunakan untuk perusahaan manufaktur dan publik. Altman kemudian mengembangkan dua varian dari Z-Score, yaitu Z’-Score dan Z”-Score.
- Z’-Score
Analisis ini berguna untuk perusahaan non public dengan cara merumuskan kembali rasio. Perumusan yang berubah dari sampel yang berbeda membuat hasil akhir rumus Z’-Score menjadi :
Zi = 0,717X1 + 0,847X2 + 3,107X3 + 0,420X4 + 0,99X5
Keterangan :
X1 = (Aktiva Lancar – Utang Lancar) / Total Aktiva
X2 = Laba yang ditahan / Total aktiva
X3 = Laba sebelum bunga dan pajak / Total aktiva
X4 = Nilai pasar modal / Nilai buku hutang
X5 = Penjualan / Total aktiva
Kriteria Altman Z’-Score
1. Perusahaan yang mempunyai skor Z > 2,90 terklasifikasikan sebagai perusahaan sehat.
2. Perusahaan dengan skor antara 1,20 sampai 2,90 terklasifikasikan sebagai perusahaan pada daerah rawan bangkrut
3. Perusahaan yang mempunyai skor Z < 1,20 diklasifikasikan sebagai perusahaan potensial bangkrut.
- Z”-Score
Pada model terakhir ini, sampel yang digunakan diganti dengan perusahaan dari negara berkembang (emerging market), yaitu Mexico. Rumus Z”-Score adalah rumus paling fleksibel karena dapat kamu gunakan untuk perusahaan public dan private.
Metode Groover
Metode groover merupakan model yang diciptakan dengan melakukan pendesainan dan penilaian silang terhadap model Altman Z-Score. Groover menghasilkan funsgi sebagai berikut:
Score = 1,650 X1 + 3,404 X2 + 0,016 ROA + 0,057
Keterangan :
X1 = Working Capital to Total Assets
X2 = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes to Total Assets
ROA = Net Income to Total Assets
Groover mengklasifikasikan nilai kebangrkutan perusahaan sebagai berikut :
1. Jika score s ≤ -0,02 maka perusahaan dalam keadaan bangkrut
2. Jika score ≥ 0,01, maka perusahaan dalam keadaan sehat (tidak bangkrut)
Metode Springate
Analisis kebangkrutan ini ditemukan oleh Springate pada tahun 1978. Formulasinya adalah :
S = 1,03 A + 3,07 B + 0,66 C + 0,4 D
Keterangan :
A = Working Capital to Total Assets
B = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes to Total Assets
C = Earning Before Taxes to Current Liabilities
D = Total Sales to Total Assets
Klasifikasi Springate tentang penilaian kebangkrutan, yaitu :
1. Jika nilai S < 0,862 maka mengindikasikan perusahaan menghadapi ancaman kebangkrutan yang serius
2. Jika nilai 0,862 < S < 1,062 maka mengindikasikan bahwa pihak manajemen harus hati-hati dalam mengelola aset-aset perusahaan agar tidak terjadi kebangkrutan (daerah rawan kebangkrutan)
3. Jika nilai S > 1,062 mengindikasikan perusahaan dalam kondisi keuangan sehat atau tidak bangkrut.
Metode Zmijewski
Model analisis ini ditemukan oleh Zmijewski pada tahun 1981 yang merupakan hasil riset selama 20 tahun. Rumusnya yaitu :
Z = -4,3 – 4,5 X1 + 5,7 X2 – 0,004 X3
Keterangan :
X1= ROA
X2 = Debt Ratio
X3 = Current Ratio
Klaisifikasi penilaian adalah :
1. Jika Z bernilai positif ( Z > 0) berarti perusahaan berpotensi bangkrut
2. Jika Z bernilai negative ( Z < 0) Berarti perusahaan dalam keadaan sehat/tidak bangkrut.
Wah, sungguh rumus yang terlihat kompleks, ya? Namun jika kamu pahami dengan baik, rumus-rumus di atas tidak sekompleks kelihatannya, kok! Kamu dapat memuat rumus-rumus tersebut ke dalam excel, lalu tinggal memasukkan data yang diperlukan dari laporan keuangan perusahaan yang akan dianalisis. Dengan cara itu, penulis yakin sobat pasti akan jauh lebih mudah menganalisa potensi kebangkrutan. Yuk mulai sekarang jangan malas menganalisa potensi kebangkrutan juga!
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