Sesimpel ini Memahami Economic Moat

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Kamu yang mau bangun usaha wajib baca!! Konsep utama Economic Moat adalah Ketika semakin besar parit maka semakin terlindung benteng dari ancaman luar.

Apa itu economic moat?

Sebuah konsep yang digagas dan dinamai oleh Warren Buffett. Pengertian economic moat adalah keunggulan berbeda yang dimiliki perusahaan atas pesaingnya yang memungkinkannya melindungi pangsa pasar dan profitabilitasnya.

Moat artinya Parit. Semakin besar parit yang mengelilingi benteng, maka akan membuat musuh sulit menjangkau kita.

What is an Economic Moat? - Cappuccino Finance

Contoh Economic Moat

Seiring berjalannya waktu, sebuah perusahaan cenderung melihat penurunan laba karena kompetitor menggerogoti pangsa pasarnya. Oleh karena itu, bisnis yang ingin tetap dominan harus membangun economic moat.

Misalkan si A buat bisnis kost-kostan dan si A menyadari bahwa jika memasang tarif sewa yang rendah maka seluruh kamar kost yang akan segera penuh.Tapi, selain pendapatan yang menurun, kompetitor si A juga akan melakukan hal yang sama sehingga terjadi perang harga.

Dibandingkan menurunkan tarif sewa, kita bisa menambahkan fasilitas yang tidak bisa dimiliki oleh kompetitor bisnis.

Misalkan saja si A menambah fasilitas hiburan seperti bioskop mini, lapangan parkir luas, dan board game lengkap yang bisa digunakan untuk main bareng.

Atau para selebgram dikasih promo menginap gratis kapanpun dikosan hingga akhirnya banyak orang rebutan ngekos disana karena mau ketemu idola mereka.

Dengan begitu justru si A malah bisa mendapatkan pendapatan lebih dengan menyediakan hal lainnya.

Jenis atau Tipe Economic Moat

Dari beberapa sumber, gw rangkum 5 jenis economic moat yang dapat dimiliki perusahaan, yaitu:

  1. Cost Advantage/Keunggulan Biaya
  2. Company Size/Ukuran Perusahaan
  3. Switching cost/Biaya Peralihan Tinggi
  4. Intangible Moat/ Keunggulan Tak Tampak
  5. Soft Moat

1. Cost Advantage/Keunggulan Biaya

Keunggulan biaya yang didapat dari proses produksi yang lebih murah dan efektif  dapat menjadi economic moat yang sangat kuat.

Perusahaan dengan keunggulan biaya yang signifikan dapat mengurangi harga sehingga membuat kompetitornya meninggalkan industri atau menghambat pertumbuhannya.

2. Company Size/Ukuran Perusahaan

Menjadi perusahaan dengan kekuatan kapitalisasi yang besar dapat dengan sendirinya menciptakan economic moat bagi sebuah perusahaan.

Pada ukuran tertentu, perusahaan mencapai skala ekonomi yang efisien sehingga dapat memproduksi barang dalam skala yang lebih besar dengan biaya yang lebih rendah.

3. Switching cost/Biaya Peralihan Tinggi

Prosuk dengan brand yang kuat membuat pelanggannya enggan untuk pindah ke brand lain. Hal ini bisa kita lihat dari para pengguna iPhone yang enggan membeli produk selain dari Apple karena ekosistem yang sudah terbangun.

Asesoris smartphone Apple seperti apple watch, airpods, dan lainya juga memperkuat biaya peralihan 🡪 Udah bayar mahal, jadi males pindah deh ..

4. Intangible Moat/ Keunggulan Tak Tampak

Jenis economic moat lainnya dapat diciptakan melalui aset tidak berwujud perusahaan, yang mencakup hal-hal seperti paten, merek, lisensi peraturan, dan aset tak berwujud lainnya.

Hal ini mencegah pesaing menduplikasi produk perusahaan, atau memungkinkan perusahaan membebankan harga premium yang signifikan.

Misalnya, paten suatu penemuan obat baru atau vaksin baru dari produsen farmasi seperti Pfizer yang bisa menjual dengan harga premium. Ketika paten berakhir, persaingan obat generik dapat dengan cepat mendorong harga obat paten turun 80% atau lebih.

5. Soft Moat

Beberapa alasan mengapa sebuah perusahaan mungkin memiliki economic moat yang sulit untuk dipahami adalah karena mereka memiliki keunikan tersendiri.

YES, karena keunikannya yang terdiri dari beberapa faktor. 

Contohnya  pada perusahaan yang memiliki tim manajemen yang keren banget, para top leadernya hebat, atau budaya perusahaan yang unik.

Meskipun sulit untuk dijelaskan, kepemimpinan yang unik dan lingkungan korporat dapat berkontribusi pada kesuksesan perusahaan yang berkelanjutan.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

  • “Economic moat” is a term that refers to a business’s ability to maintain a competitive edge over its competitors.
  • The analogy relates to the moats that would surround medieval castles and act as a barrier of protection.
  • Ways in which a company can create an economic moat include creating advantages in size, intangibles, cost, and high switching costs.

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